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The Quran's teachings on violence and war have long been topics of heated debate. Verses in the text, such as, "Fight in the name of your religion with those who fight against you," seem to many to be unequivocal endorsements of violence.〔Sam Harris (Who Are the Moderate Muslims? )〕 On the other hand, some scholars argue that such verses of the Quran are interpreted out of context,.〔Sohail H. Hashmi, David Miller, ''Boundaries and Justice: diverse ethical perspectives'', Princeton University Press, p.197〕〔The non-Muslims take their proof from the actions of the radical Muslim Jihadists. Khaleel Muhammad, professor of religious studies at San Diego State University, states, regarding his discussion with the critic Robert Spencer, that "when I am told ... that Jihad only means war, or that I have to accept interpretations of the Quran that non-Muslims (with no good intentions or knowledge of Islam)and 21st century radical Jihadists seek to force upon me, I see a certain agendum developing: one that is based on hate, and I refuse to be part of such an intellectual crime."()〕 ==Abrogation== (詳細はPrior to the Hijra travel, Muhammad struggled non-violently against his oppressors in Mecca.〔Boulding, Elise. "Cultures of Peace: The Hidden Side of History", p. 57〕 It wasn't until after the exile that the Quranic revelations began to adopt a more defensive perspective.〔Howard, Lawrence. "Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses", p. 48〕 According to Oliver Leaman, a number of Islamic jurists asserted the primacy of the “sword verses” over the conciliatory verses in specific historical circumstances.〔 For example, according to Diane Morgan, Ibn Kathir (1301–1372) asserted that the Sword Verse abrogated all peace treaties that had been promulgated between Muhammad and idolaters. Modernists reject the abrogating status of the sword verses, which would result in the abrogation (naskh) of numerous Quranic verses that counsel peace and reconciliation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Quran and violence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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